Credibility and Management - Michael Tweedy

Throughout the ages of history, propaganda has played an important role, whether good or bad, in persuading a population to believe in a certain ideology to help further a particular agenda. When used properly, it can be very beneficial in bringing mass populations together in support of certain actions taken by and individual or group of individuals. One of the greatest purposes of propaganda is used by countries who try to increase their soft power, or image in the global community. Soft power is essential for many countries to be able to use diplomatic measures in the global community to solve issues between their country and others. Countries use propaganda efforts in order to maintain credibility and image between other countries, and to stay in good standing with their own people.

PROPAGANDA AND COUNTRY IMAGE:

        Leaders of countries use propaganda in order to maintain the support of their citizens, and also to gain support of other nations to help further their foreign policy agendas. Soft power is the ability to get what you want by attracting and persuading others to adopt your goals. It differs from hard power, the ability to use the carrots and sticks of economic and military might to make others follow your will. Both hard and soft powers are important in the war on terrorism, but attraction is much cheaper than coercion, and an asset that needs to be nourished (Nye, 2003). This is best exemplified in the Bush Administration’s propaganda used to gain support for the War on Terrorism. First, President Bush played on the hearts of the American people shortly after the September 11th attack on the World Trade Center rallying them together through their anger, rage, sorrow, and sadness to gain their support for the United States’ open-ended campaign against terrorism worldwide. Bush took the support from the American people and pushed his foreign political agenda to rid the world of terrorism, stopping at nothing to have this goal obtained.

        The second source of propaganda used by the Bush Administration was grey propaganda, saying whatever it needed to in order to get the support of ally nations to help the United States in their War on Terrorism efforts. Without other countries, the war efforts would have been halted by the backlash from different terrorist organizations, because the United States military is not large enough to combat the entire world’s terrorism alone. The Bush Administration put forth this image of the United States as a “nation dedicated to ridding the world of terrorism.” With this image in hand, and spread throughout the global community, the United States was able to pursue the terrorist threats as they appeared in an attempt to preempt any future attacks. Without the soft power and image created through the support of the American people, and the support of ally nations, the War on Terrorism would be ineffective and unwinnable.

PROPAGANDA AND COUNTRY CREDIBILITY:

        Leonard Doob states in his article, Goebbel’s Principles of Propaganda, “Credibility alone must determine whether propaganda output should be true or false.”  The credibility of the source is a major determinant of how people view the information presented, and if the credibility is low, the actuality of the information being persuasive is low as well. Referring back to the Bush Administration example, they used black propaganda to gain the support of both the American people and the global community when invading Iraq. They told us that Iraq was holding weapons of mass destruction, and an invasion was the only was to stop them from being used, when actually there were no weapons of mass destruction found in the area, and they in turn took the opportunity to seize control of the government and take over the country. This use of black propaganda led to the eventual decline in the credibility of the United States in the global community, and now all the multi-lateral efforts we were working towards have essentially turned into unilateral ones, because no country wanted to support our outlandish tactics and efforts. “Rising anti-Americanism around the world threatens to deprive the US of the soft or attractive power that it needs to succeed in the struggle against terrorism. As Iraq has shown, hard military power alone cannot provide a solution” (Nye, 2005). The United States needs to do something in order for it to be able to effectively continue its foreign policy agendas. We need to increase our credibility in the global community in order to gain support of other nations to help us with our campaigns, and hopefully help decrease terrorism throughout the world.

        Image and credibility is absolutely essential when it comes to the use of propaganda within a country. As seen in the previous examples, the wrong use of propaganda can easily hurt a country’s image and credibility to the point where the global community refuses to help them in certain campaigns. It is necessary to maintain a good image and high credibility to be able to gain support for certain diplomatic and military efforts, and to keep in good graces with the ally countries you would like support from in the future. So, when using propaganda, the best type would be to use white propaganda, and hope that the truth will allow you to gain the support necessary to further your agenda.     





References:
Joseph Nye. (2003, January 10). Propaganda Isn’t the Way: Soft Power. International Herald
        Tribune. Retrieved from http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/1240/
propaganda_isnt_the_way.html.


Joseph Nye. (2005, January 22). America’s Soft Power Suffering As It Loses the Propaganda War.
        Taipei Times. Retrieved from http://ics.leeds.ac.uk/papers/vp01.cfm?outfit=pm
t&folder=2053&paper=2110.


Leonard W. Doob. Joesph Goebbel’s Principles of Propaganda. Public Opinion and Propaganda.
        Retrieved from http://www.psywarrior.com/Goebbels.html.

Nazi Deception

By: Tiffiny Towne

Introduction
According to United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, propaganda is “biased information designed to shape public opinion and behavior.” Propaganda was discovered as a powerful weapon for shaping public opinion and behavior in World War I. Austria-Hungary, Germany, United States, Russia, Italy, France, and Great Britain paid writers, artists, and artists to make political messages for getting their citizens ready for war, lowering the enemy’s drive, and to get the neutral countries on our sides. The Allied Powers described Germans as barbaric Huns who wanted destruction of western civilization.
Deceiving the Public
An important tool to win over the majority was propaganda for all those who did not support Hitler to start and support the Nazis’ radical program. A new state propaganda apparatus was headed by Joseph Goebbels sought to manipulate everyone with the help of terror to intimidate those who did not obey.  It facilitated the persecution of Jews and others excluded from the vision of “National Community.” Military aggression aimed at territorial conquest as righteous and necessary self-defense with Germany as a victim or potential victim of foreign aggressors. The nation needs to defend European civilization against Communism. The most common theme in the propaganda was that Jews spread disease. They would put Jews in ghettos with inadequate sanitation and water supplies coupled with starvation rations quickly ruined the health of these Jews. So this propaganda became a self-fulfilling prophecy when typhus and other infectious disease ravaged the population.

Radio
        A little thing like a radio in Nazi Germany had a whole new purpose. They made these radios cheaply because it made a great way to spread propaganda. The radio design was very plain in the area of the dial and station selection. This radio is called, “People’s Receiver,” could only listen to a few radio stations and none from other countries. The radios were first produced in 1933 with long wave transmissions to not reach most other countries’ stations.  “In 1935, production began on a community radio receiver intended for use on factory floors for communal listening in the workplace; on the day it was introduced, employees gathered in the machine shop of the Siemens factory, where radios and other electronic devices were manufactured, to witness the broadcast of a speech by Adolf Hitler from the factory floor.”  It became the first nation to introduce regular television service. By early 1938, there were more than nine million radios in German homes roughly half of the German homes had one.
The dial positions went with the regional broadcasting stations and Radio Germany that only broadcasted content and entertainment approved by the Ministry of Propaganda and Enlightenment. When Germans tuned into one of these stations, they would hear controlled news broadcasts, propaganda speeches by Nazi officials, military music, and special programs for Hitler Youth. It also told helpful advice such as making the most of rationed food as well as radio dramas and light entertainment. They would never hear music composed by Jewish composers or American swing or jazz. Some simple modification could increase reception in order to hear foreign broadcasts. Prison terms or death were given to those who listed to enemy radio stations by the German courts. The British Broadcasting Company and U.S. Armed Forces Radio broadcasted a special schedule of programs daily in German. Political and military news were broadcasted that were censored by the Nazis. They even gave time for European governments in-exile so they could broadcast to their fellow citizens living under German occupation.

The Written News
Over 4,700 daily and weekly newspapers were published annually in Germany in 1993. A total circulation of newspapers went to twenty-five million people making it more newspapers that in any other industrialized nation. The movie industry was one of the world’s largest with films winning international acclaim. The Nazis only controlled three percent of the newspapers when Hitler took power in 1933. When the multiparty political system was eliminated, it not only ruined hundreds of papers produced by the outlawed political parties and also seized printing plants and equipments of other parties.
Conclusion
Propaganda can only work if it is persuasive. To make the posters, articles, and television shows persuasive, they first have to be believable. When Germans found out about losing the war, they started listening to foreign broadcasts to get the truth of the story. To watch a movie in a theatre, the doors would be locked so they would have to watch a Nazi commercial first. Since there are so many different Medias now that it should be harder for a whole country to be “brain-washed.”



 
References
(n.d.). United States holocaust memorial museum. Retrieved from http://www.ushmm.org/

Lee, A. (1960, June). Propaganda Analysis: A Study of Inferences Made From Nazi Propaganda in World War II. American Sociological Review, 25(3), 432-433. Retrieved September 23, 2009, from Business Source Premier database.

Waddington, L. (2007, October). The Anti-Komintern and Nazi Anti-Bolshevik Propaganda in the 1930s. Journal of Contemporary History, 42(4), 573-594. Retrieved September 23, 2009, doi:10.1177/0022009407081488

Vick's Agents Lie About Nike Endorsment----By Brooke Shanholtz

One of Michael Vicks agents recently announced that Vick signed an endorsement with Nike. The problem with that announcement is that it is false. Following the announcement, Nike shortly answered denying signing a deal with pro football player, Michael Vick.   Vick’s agent was probably trying to repair his image. Michael was sent to prison in 2007 for dog cruelty charges and was released in May of 2009. He recently returned to his professional football career signing with the Philadelphia Eagles. His image definitely needs improvement, but his agent made a poor decision when he announced the false statement about the endorsement with Nike. An article on Bulldog Reporter states that, “Perhaps the agent, Mike Principe, was hoping that the slight embellishment would slip by and help to restore Vick's badly damaged image after that dog-torturing incident thing, but a marketing consultant says that the image-restoration attempt backfired, USA Today reports.” Any practitioner communicating information to the public needs to be honest. Michael Vick’s agents do need to work on repairing the image of their client but should work on their tactics and stay truthful to the stakeholders.

 

 

BULLDOG REPORTER’S DAILY DOG. (2009, October 2). Dogged By Rumor That It Has Signed a New Endorsement Deal with Michael Vick, Nike Sets the Record Straight — But Will Outfit Athlete. Retrieved from http://www.bulldogreporter.com

Attitudes, Beliefs, and Actions Persuaded by Propaganda

By Amanda Jones

 

Attitudes, beliefs and actions are easily persuaded by modern day propaganda. Jowett and O’Donnell define propaganda as the deliberate, systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist. To fully understand propaganda you must understand the way attitudes, beliefs and actions play a part in the persuasion technique.

 

We all have existing attitudes and beliefs with each influencing our actions. Our attitudes, beliefs and actions affect the way we perceive new information such as propaganda. In order for one to persuade another, the persuader must have knowledge of existing attitudes and beliefs to use as an anchor in persuasion.

  

Attitudes are formed by certain beliefs about a person, idea, or object. People have countless attitudes, many of which can be used as an appeal to promote the change wanted by the propagandist.  Beliefs are simply someone’s opinion about someone or something. Like attitudes, beliefs are used as an anchor to promote change. The stronger beliefs of the receiver the more likely it is to influence the formation of a new belief. (Jowett/O’Donnell p. 31) Actions or behaviors can also be used as an anchor to affect already existing beliefs or attitudes of the target audience

 

The mass media is a perfect form of propaganda that changes many people’s attitudes, beliefs and actions every day. Advertising can be seen a form if propaganda. It persuades people to feel or act a certain way about a commercial product, organization, person or brand. Advertising is everywhere. You can see it on TV in your living room, billboards all around town, and even hear it on the radio while driving in your car. Attitudes, beliefs and actions can be easily persuaded by placing emotion into an advertisement. Emotional appeals are used often to connect people to the band or product which without doubt help in the persuasion process. If someone connects to the ad on an emotional level then the advertisement has done its job on persuading the consumer to buy or become a fan of the product. 

 

 

Politics can also be seen as a form of propaganda. Think back to the Obama/McCain election, how many campaign ads did you see? Campaign ads along with campaign posters, books, movies and radio are tools uses to win over the peoples vote. Politics are flooded with propaganda to change people’s attitudes toward a certain politician. Political experts discuss how candidates sincerely reach out to voters, how a cold, detached persona alienates key demographics, and how campaign advertisements arouse passions-- ranging from hope and enthusiasm to anger and discontent. (Weber, 2007) Emotional appeals are also common in political campaigning.

 

According to Encyclopedia Britannica, propaganda is the more or less systematic effort to manipulate other people’s beliefs, attitudes, or actions by means of symbols (words, gestures, banners, monuments, music, clothing, insignia, hairstyles, designs on coins and postage stamps, and so forth). Propaganda must focus in already existing attitudes and beliefs to trigger a change in the audience. If one can relate to the audience then one is more like to persuade the viewer to make the change wanted by the propagandist. Next time when you try to persuade a group of people, do your homework. Know what will cause the audience to change their beliefs or attitudes about a certain subject.

 

 

Work cited:

 

Jowett, G.S. & V. O’Donnell. (2006). Chapter 1. What is propaganda and how does it differ from persuasion? In Propaganda and Persuasion, 4^th edition (pp. 1-48). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 

 

propaganda. (2009). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 21, 2009, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/478875/propaganda

 

Weber, C. , 2007-08-30 "Emotional Campaigns: The Role of Discrete Emotions in Political Advertising" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association, Hyatt Regency Chicago and the Sheraton Chicago Hotel and Towers, Chicago, IL Online <APPLICATION/PDF>. 2009-05-27 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p208851_index.html

 

 

The Sleeper Effect

by Monica Peterson

            "A friend of a friend told me" is a common expression that many people use when telling a story that they have recently heard. However, as time passes, the source is forgotten, or dissociated from the message, yielding an increase in effect from the message content itself. Simply put, while we may discount something initially because of who said it, or where we encountered it, over time we will forget the source, or dissociate it from the message, but remember the message.

The sleeper effect theory is when people receive a communication associated with a discounting cue, such as a non-credible source, they are less persuaded immediately after exposure than they are later in time. (?). There are many people that rely on additional information to determine what they will eventually believe or not believe. Overtime there are many messages that we receive that are used to persuade us to change our opinion on the initial subject.

The sleeper effect relies solely on persuasion. If the intended audience is not consistently hearing differing information associated with a certain topic, they are more than likely to believe the majority opinion. Although the sleeper effect has caused many arguments on its credibility, it is hard to overlook some of the actualities that it implies.

In politics, for example, candidates running for an office heavily rely on the sleeper effect. The sleeper effect phenomenon is examined to explain how the impact of negative political advertising persists--and even increases--over time. The prevalence and increasing legitimacy of negative attack ads raises the question of how to respond to and discount the influence of an attack particularly among candidates who will almost inevitably be attacked (Weaver Lariscy, Ruth Ann, and Spencer F. Tinkham).

Negative news may not only have short term behavioral effects, but also effects on underlying attitudes such as trust in politicians, which may produce their sleeper effect on political behavior only in the long run (website). These attacks are primarily used during the election season between opposing candidates. These ads are used to persuade us to either investigate further on the targeted issue or change our perception on the intentions of the other candidate. These messages are extremely biased so they are not believed immediately. During debates we often do not initially believe what the candidates are arguing because they are mainly just attacking each other; this is when the sleeper effect comes into play.

Television news stations, such as CNN and the Fox News Channel, use the sleeper effect to its full potential. The information that they discuss about the candidates gives us more information on what the candidates are really advocating. Using this method it strongly determines how we will base our opinions on the candidates and ultimately vote in the election.

The art of persuading others to change their opinions and mindsets takes time and patience which is why the sleeper effect has been closely studied throughout the years. This theory is still being studied on its credibility and whether or not it truly does have an influence on the way we come to our final conclusions.

References

Weaver Lariscy, Ruth Ann, and Spencer F. Tinkham. "The Sleeper Effect and Negative Political Advertising." Journal of Advertising 28.4 (Winter 1999): 13. Academic OneFile. Gale. Northwest Missouri State - Owens Lib. 22 Sept. 2009 <http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/start.do?prodId=AONE>.

Kumkale, G. Tarcan, and Dolores Albarracin. "The sleeper effect in persuasion: a meta-analytic review." Psychological Bulletin 130.1 (Jan 2004): 143(30). Academic OneFile. Gale. Northwest Missouri State - Owens Lib. 22 Sept. 2009 
<http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/start.do?prodId=AONE>.

Kleinnijenhuis, J. , van Hoof, A. M. and Oegema, D. , 2006-06-16 "Negative News and the Sleeper Effect of Distrust" Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association, Dresden International Congress Centre, Dresden, Germany Online <PDF>. 2009-05-25 from http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p87070_index.html

Enhancing One's Credibility

By Sammy Jo Flinn

While researching the topic of credibility, I stumbled across various articles that questioned whether or not they were giving accurate information or feeding me lies of what the writer simply believed.  There are also numerous leaders in the United States that give information but how do you know if they are creditable?  There are many ways that you can enhance your credibility and it is pretty easy to do so. Whether you give excellent sources by using proper citation techniques or have your information in an orderly manner that it is easy to read and find what the reader or listener is looking for. In this blog I have included some strategies that anyone can use to enhance their credibility with some persuasion.

Dr. Nancy Snow said that "Persuasion is an essential, indispensable feature of human interaction," and to enhance your credibility with persuasion there must be some facts or evidence to back your statement. There are many ways to do this by explaining your background and qualifications to your reader as well as being well-prepared and organized. Now think of one name of someone that you respect, look up to and would follow. Let's take The President of the United States, Obama. What makes people look up him, follow him and trust him with the power of this country? He has to have some sort of credibility. Some ways that President Obama does this is first by adopting a language style that is suitable to his audience and the occasion. For the recent election, his campaign slogan was "Yes we can." This use of persuasion earned Obama millions of followers. In his speech the night of the primary in New Hampshire, Obama uses the phrases "you came out tonight" or "with your voices, you made it possible" and "we are ready" to show the listeners and followers that this campaign wasn't just about him being the President of the United States, it was about you, me and us as a people coming together. This form of persuasion is a great way to get followers and enhance your credibility.

Another easy way that you may enhance your credibility is being well prepared and organized. This is a way that a website with information on it can gain credibility. One website that is extremely organized and well prepared is www.cnn.com. At the top of the page you can search for any article that you need. If you typed in "health care," you get about nine articles that are related to this topic. The one relating titled "Can I get too much anti-oxidant?" first puts the reader in the title and gets their attention. The article itself there is information about the author, not only just her name but her title, "Dr. Melina Jampolis, Diet and Fitness Expert." Right there you know that they have credibility because they are stating their title right in the beginning of the article. In the article, however it relates to the reader, using the personable approach. Talking straight to the reader makes them feel like you care, and gives them a sense that what you are saying is true. This feeling may also lead the reader to recommend your website/ article to someone else and then you have the chain reaction occur.

Finally the last way you can enhance your credibility is establishing trustworthiness by demonstrating that you have your listener's interest at heart. In an article from cnn.com titled "How to avoid gaining the Freshmen 15," the title in itself is targeted toward the reader, especially freshmen in college. Within the article it gives you various tips about how to avoid this plague including a standard diet plan that could work for you even if you live on campus and have to eat from the local cafeteria. This gives the article credibility because they are in the readers shoes and they are relating to them.

            These three ways can definitely persuade your readers to think that you are creditable. Whether it's being organized and easy to read or just by relating to the reader and being in their shoes. Readers really listen to what the writer says and if you are a good persuader, than you will be able to gain some decent credibility.

Citations/ Websites Used:

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fe751kMBwms

Video about Barack Obama and his speech including quotes from reading.

http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/08/26/freshman.15.weight/index.html

Article about “How to avoid Freshmen 15” / how the writer gets credibility from relating

Miller,B (2009). How to avoid the Freshmen 15. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2009/HEALTH/08/26/freshman.15.weight/index.html

http://www.nancysnow.com/prop_news_persuasion.htm

“How to become a persuasive person” Also includes 10 guidelines to enhance one’s credibility

Snow, N (2003). How to become a persuasive person. Retrieved from http://www.nancysnow.com/prop_news_persuasion.htm

The Power of Labeling

By Chris Parsons

The power of labeling a person, place or thing is a something that can never be taken lightly. Does it really matter, if say, a boy or girl is label as a jock or a nerd, prep or a goth? What does it mean to be called an overachiever or a chronic-slacker? Does a label or title really precede a person if it is spread enough? Do people create a label for themselves or does the label create them?

What is a label? Webster’s Dictionary defines a label as a card, etc, marked and attached to an object to show its contents, (1. Attach a label to. 2. Classify as.) So when we as people label one another we are classifying each other. What is this based on? Is it our actions, words, ethics, work habits or our hobbies? This article will try to look into the power of labeling and how it might be used to persuade us and as forms of propaganda.

Some labels are extremely powerful. You think of a jock and you think of the best looking athlete scoring the game winning touchdown or hitting the home runs. On the opposite side of that a person who is labeled as a geek instantly brings images of suspenders, white button up shirts with pocket protectors and big thick glasses.

However a label is not always a negative thing. To be labeled as a husband, a mother, a teacher, a mentor. All of these are honors and labels are things that people strive to earn and be known as. Positive labeling has proven and long lasting effects just as negative has its. Labeling a child as a prodigy or as a child genius and telling the child this has the effect of them developing into that kind of person even if it wasn’t inherently true to begin with.

As mention earlier even our food choices are steered to a certain outlook because of labeling. A healthy individual who cares about what they eat will stay far away from a food labeled as being high in fat. One week a certain type of food is good for us then the next it is bad and the populace follows those labels like sheep follow one another in the flock.

When a person is labeled, positively or negatively, deservingly or spitefully, the question of whether or not a person can overcome a label that has been given to them. Can a person who is labeled as a slacker become a person who gets their work done in a timely manner? The answer is yes so one of the questions posted at the beginning can be answered. A person does not become their label. A person can overcome and move beyond a label. Whether or not they simply move away from the origin of their label to a place that they are not known or through work and a dedication to remove them from that title they finally overcome it.

By that same notion however it can be said that a person does not create his or her own label. A student who works hard and volunteers to help the teacher can sometimes be labeled a teachers pet and by that standard they are never seen to get in trouble or a bad grade because of that connection, not the work and effort they put into class.

This relates to propaganda and persuasion in a few ways. One such way is Looking at it from another stand point when you go to the supermarket and decide to pick up a piece of steak do you look at the B grade cuts or is it the grade A prime choice cut that has your attention. This is how labeling persuades us in our choices. While most of the time the label is there for your healthy, great tasting needs sometimes the label is there for a purely cosmetic or advertising situations.
A box of cereal label as good for you will sell fairly well. Add to the label of that cereal that it is great tasting and good for you and people will most likely choose the one that is great tasting because the label of the cereal declares it to be so.

The label of something has a profound impact on most decisions or assumptions that a person makes. A manager at a supermarket has two applicants for a job, both of equal skill and all applicable areas. One however is an ex-con who has just been released. Because he is required to make that information known on his application, because it is the label he and society have put on himself he may very well not get the job because of that. That is the power of labeling.

Proof of the above mentioned scenario could be found within the definition of Labeling Theory. Encyclopedia Britannica has the definition as a product of society’s reaction to the individual (Labeling 2009). Which means that the individual, once convicted of a crime, is labeled a criminal and thereby acquires a criminal identity. Once returned to society, he continues to be regarded as a criminal and is consequently rejected by law-abiding persons and accepted by other delinquents. This has been found to be true. Most ex-cons on attempts to start their life anew as a law-abiding citizen are usually shot down because of their label. Which in turn makes them return to the criminal lifestyle and the cycle continues.

The Journal of Food Products Marketing conducted a study. A summary of the study is as follows. “The aim of this study is to identify motives and barriers for the consumption of fresh tropical fruits and their juices. Also the potential role of labeling information, more specifically process-related quality labeling for fresh tropical fruits, and on-label nutrition and health claims for tropical fruit juices, are investigated. This study indicates that pleasure-seeking and hedonism motives are major drivers, whereas high perceived price and unfamiliarity form the most prominent barriers for consuming tropical fruit and tropical fruit juices. Process-related quality labels are considered credible and persuasive, but the expected price premium hampers the purchase of process-certified tropical fruit products. Health and nutrition claims on tropical fruit juices are not believed to be persuasive unless they match well with the perceived naturalness of the juices” (Sabbe, Verbeke, Van Damme, 2009).

In the end the power of labeling seems to be prevalent and will continue its hold over those who are labeled through others or their own deeds. That is why we as a collective should never judge a book by its cover and delve to find those true natures and facts beneath the label.

Sources:

Labeling theory. (2009). In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved September 21, 2009, from Encyclopedia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/326674/labeling-theory

Goldman, Jonathan L. (2000). Webster’s New Pocket Dictionary. Cleveland, Ohio: Wiley Publishing Inc.

Sabbe, Sara, Verbeke Wim, Van Damme Patrick (2009). Perceived Motives, Barriers and Role of Labeling Information on Tropical Fruit Consumption: Exploratory Findings.
Journal of Food Products Marketing; 2009, Vol. 15 Issue 2, p119-138, 20p, 3 charts.
doi: [10.1080/10454440802316750].